Abstract
This paper, prepared by the Materials and Mining Engineering Committee, presents a comprehensive effort to establish a scientific definition of technology and to distinguish it from related concepts such as technique, technical know-how, and science.
Given the widespread use of the term technology across engineering, science, law, philosophy, and the social sciences, numerous definitions have been proposed from different disciplinary perspectives. Although these definitions share common elements, they also exhibit significant differences and inconsistencies.
The paper reviews a broad range of existing definitions and applications of technology and, through a systematic analytical approach, identifies their shared characteristics. It also examines the historical evolution of the concept over the past two centuries and considers the role that technology is expected to play in today’s world. Based on this analysis, the authors propose a comprehensive definition of technology.
Recognizing the close relationship between technology, technical know-how, and science, the paper further explores the defining characteristics of each concept. A comparative framework is presented to clarify the distinctions between technology and science, emphasizing that while scientific advancement is a necessary prerequisite for technological progress, it is not sufficient. Consequently, technology development should be regarded as an independent field that requires its own strategic planning, policies, and investment.
Research Areas: Technology Management, Engineering Education, Innovation Studies, Science and Technology Policy, Materials and Mining Engineering
Keywords: Technology, Technical Know-How, Technique, Science, Innovation, Technology Development, Engineering Education, Science and Technology Policy
Authors: Jalal Hejazi, Parviz Davami, Nasser Towhidi, Ali Hayarian Ardekani, Ali Karimi Taheri, Reza Mahmoudi
Journal: Iranian Journal of Engineering Education
Volume 12, Issue 48 (Winter 2011)
Pages: 65–88
DOI: 10.22047/IJEE.2011.691
Publication Link: https://www.ensani.ir/fa/article/562476/فناوری-و-دانش-فنی